The current regulated particle metric in vehicle emissions is the total mass, while during last decade; interest in number size distribution has increased. Various international studies on epidemiology and toxicology have reported the adverse effect of the particle matter on public health. The UNECE group of experts on pollution and energy (GRPE) under particle measurement program (PMP) are under the process of finalization long term certification standard concerning particle emissions. The current study was done in order to investigate the number concentration from a range of Indian multi utility vehicles. These were equipped with various sizes of diesel engine over the new European driving cycle (NEDC) cycle using same oil specification. The vehicles chosen were meeting emission norms ranging from Euro3 (E-3) to Euro5 (E-5) and using the corresponding fuel specification as specified for the norms. In order to meet the strict emission norms, penetration of common rail injection system in the Indian market is inevitable. The use of higher injection pressure, advanced after treatment systems such as diesel particle filters (DPF), is the motivation for the work to access the number concentration, an important metric of particle matter in view of future emission norms. It is clearly revealed that different vehicles equipped with different capacity engines exhibits similar diesel particle emission characteristics. Also, as the particle mass is decreasing with the stringent emission norms reduces the particle number concentration.

To determine the amount of air pollutants, produced by Iranian automakers, and compare it with old and retrofitted vehicles have become one of the important tools of urban management. The present research uses International Vehicle Emission (IVE) modeling software in order to verify SAIPA Co. fleet emissions, based on Euro 4 emission standard (SAIPA Co. recognized as a superior Iranian brand in vehicle industry). There has been attempts to determine pollutant emission from Saipa Co.-manufactured cars in the city of Tehran, in accordance with Tehran Driving Cycle along with modeling and lab results which have over 90% conformity with modeling and lab results of New European Driving Cycle. According to ISQI’ s 100, 000-km test results, the amount of CO2 emission modeling from X100 and Tiba2’ s has been about 160 gr/km, which has been within the range, whereas the modeled CO2 emission rate has been 232 gr/km in TDC, i. e., 1. 5 times more than laboratory test, due to different driving cycle usage. Significant differences between the values obtained in the emission lab and modeling at New European Driving Cycle, Tehran Driving Cycle, and Tehran Air Quality Control Company report, indicate that relying on hypothetical situation leads to inapplicable emissions value from light vehicles.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) are driven by two energy convertors, i.e., an Internal Combustion (IC) engine and an electric machine. To make powertrain of HEV as efficient as possible, proper management of the energy elements is essential. This task is completed by HEV controller, which splits power between the IC engine and Electric Motor (EM). In this paper, a Genetic-Fuzzy control strategy is employed to control the powertrain. Genetic-Fuzzy algorithm is a method in which parameters of a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) are tuned by Genetic algorithm. The main target of control is to minimize two competing objectives, consisting of energy cost and emissions, simultaneously. In addition, a new method to consider variations of Battery State of Charge (SOC) in the optimization algorithm is proposed. The controller performances are verified over Urban Dinamometer Driving Cycle (UDDS) and New Europian Driving Cycle (NEDC). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in reducing energy cost and emissions without sacrificing vehicle performance.

Introduction: Endometrial polyps destroy the endometrial texture and play an important role in the implantation failure and miscarriage. There is no consensus about the management of patients diagnosed with endometrial polyp in IVF cycles. The purpose of this study was to do a hysteroscopic polypectomy during stimulation period in the ART cycle.Materials and Methods: In this study, nine patients who underwent ART cycles were diagnosed to have endometrial polyps less than 1.5 cm by transvaginal ultrasonography. Eight patients were treated by GnRH Agonist long protocol and one patient was the recipient of the egg donation cycle. In All patients, polyp resection was performed through hysteroscopic polypectomy under general anesthesia after obtaining the informed consent. Polypectomy was done during ovarian stimulation in ART cycle, along with hormone replacement therapy in the recipient of egg donation cycle. The interval between polyp resection and embryo transfer was two to sixteen days.Results: As a result, four patients achieved pregnancy (two twins, two singletons), four patients were unsuccessful, and one pregnancy was terminated because of a blighted ovum. All of the successful pregnancies are still ongoing.Conclusion: There is a dilemma regarding the management of patients diagnosed with endometrial polyp in an ART cycle. If polypectomy before embryo transfer in the same IVF cycle is proven to be safe, then embryo transfer without canceling the cycle would be done. This study has been done in nine patients; However further studies with more patients are required to confirm these findings.